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微小RNA介导的基因沉默与神经退行性疾病
微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA) 是一类内源性的22个核苷酸左右的非蛋白编码单链短序列RNA,介导同源序列依赖的基因沉默.目前,miRNA数据库miRBase(16.0版)已收录了人类miRNA 1048个.miRNA及其靶基因构建了细胞内全方位多层次的基因表达调控网络系统,参与众多生命活动的调节并与人类疾病密切相关.miRNA的功能失常在多种神经退行性疾病的发生发展中均具有重要作用.
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X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 mutations can induce symptoms similar to those of Parkin-son’s disease and dopamine metabolism disorders, but the specific role of X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease remains unknown. In the present study, we used 6-hydroxydopamine-induced human neuroblastoma cel (SH-SY5Y cel s) injury as a cel model of Parkinson’s disease. The 6-hydroxydopamine (50 μmol/L) treatment decreased protein levels for both X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 and tyrosine hydroxylase in these cel s, and led to cel death. However, overexpression of X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 was able to ameliorate the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine, it reduced 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis, and increased the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in SH-SY5Y cel s. These findings suggesting that X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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It has been suggested that altered levels/function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. BDNF positively contributes to neural survival and synapse maintenance via stimulating its high afifnity receptor TrkB, making upregulation of BDNF and/or activation of BDNF-related intracellular signaling an attractive approach to treating neurodegenerative diseases. In this short review, I brielfy introduce small natural compounds such as lfavonoids that successfully increase activation of the BDNF system and discuss their beneifcial effects against neurodegeneration.
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Critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy are frequent complications of severe illness that involve sensorimotor axons and skeletal muscles, respectively. Clinically, they manifest as limb and respiratory muscle weakness. Critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy in isolation or combination increases intensive care unit morbidity via the inability or dififculty in weaning these patients off mechanical ventilation. Many patients continue to suffer from decreased exercise capacity and compromised quality of life for months to years after the acute event. Substantial progress has been made lately in the understanding of the pathophysiology of critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Clinical and ancillary test results should be carefully interpreted to differentiate critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy from similar weaknesses in this patient population. The present review is aimed at providing the latest knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy along with relevant clinical, diagnostic, differentiating, and treatment information for this debilitat-ing neurological disease.
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Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxidative stress is characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which can induce mitochondrial DNA mutations, damage the mitochondrial respiratory chain, alter membrane permeability, and influence Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial defense systems. Al these changes are implicated in the development of these neurodegenerative diseases, mediating or amplifying neuronal dysfunction and triggering neurodegeneration. This paper summarizes the contribution of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage to the onset of neurodegenerative eases and discusses strategies to modify mitochondrial dysfunction that may be attractive thera-peutic interventions for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation has become a standard neurosurgical therapy for ad-vanced Parkinson’s disease. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation can dramatical y improve the motor symptoms of careful y selected patients with this disease. Surprisingly, some specific dimensions of quality of life,“psychological”aspects and social adjustment do not always improve, and they could sometimes be even worse. Patients and their families should ful y understand that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation can alter the motor status and time is needed to readapt to their new postoperative state and lifestyles. This paper reviews the literatures regarding effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on social adjustment, quality of life and coping strategies in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The findings may help to understand the psychoso-cial maladjustment and poor improvement in quality of life in some Parkinson’s disease patients.
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欧洲神经精神药理学会第24届大会纪要
由欧洲神经精神药理学会主办的欧洲神经精神药理学会第24届大会于2011年9月3-7日在法国巴黎召开.来自世界各地7000余名代表参加以此次会议.大会共有3篇大会报告,28个专题会(含2个青年学者奖专题会)共133篇报告,7个继续教育讲座,14个卫星会共43篇报告,以及壁报交流.下面简要介绍大会报告和专题会的主要内容.来自以色列Eve Topf Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases的Youdim MBH做了关于治疗阿尔茨海默病的新药研究的大会报告.
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经典Wnt信号通路与神经退行性疾病关系的研究进展
Wnt信号通路调节多种基因的转录,参与调控生物体的生长、发育以及细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡等重要的生理病理过程.在神经退行性疾病中,经典Wnt信号通路发生改变影响神经元的增殖、分化或对神经元产生毒性作用,导致神经元功能损伤.因此,研究经典Wnt信号通路与神经退行性疾病的发病机制及其治疗的关系有重要意义.
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Neuroprotective action of lithium in disorders of the central nervous system
Substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence of neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of lithium suggests that it may also have considerable potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions. Lithium's main mechanisms of action appear to stem from its ability to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and also to induce signaling mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This in turn alters a wide variety of downstream effectors, with the ultimate effect of enhancing pathways to cell survival. In addition, lithium contributes to calcium homeostasis. By inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx, for instance, it suppresses the calcium-dependent activation of pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. By inhibiting the activity of phosphoinositol phosphatases, it decreases levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a process recently identified as a novel mechanism for inducing autophagy. These mechanisms allow therapeutic doses of lithium to protect neuronal cells from diverse insults that would otherwise lead to massive cell death. Lithium, moreover, has been shown to improve behavioral and cognitive deficits in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, and Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. Since lithium is already FDA-approved for the treatment of bipolar disorder, our conclusions support the notion that its clinical relevance can be expanded to include the treatment of several neurological and neurodegenerative-related diseases.