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艾滋病流行病学
This paper described epidemic situation in the whole world and China, transmission routes, associated risk factors in China, and measures of controlling epidemic of HIV/AIDS. Globally, 53.1 million adults and children were HIV/AIDS by the end of 1999. Of them 18.8 million adults and children died from HIV/AIDS. More than 95 percent of those infected with HIV live in developing countries. In 1999, 5.4 million people were newly infected with HIV, and 2.6 million people died of AIDS. Africa, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, is the serious region of HIV/AIDS epidemic. HIV/AIDS in Asia and Eastern Europe is dramatically increasing, but infective rate in developed countries has begun to decrease. In China, since the first case was found in 1985, 17316 HIV/AIDS cases were reported, of them 647 cases were diagnosed as AIDS, of them 367 cases died from AIDS. HIV may be transmitted through unsafe sexual practice, contaminative blood or blood products, injection drug use or perinatal transmission. Unsafe sexual behavior is the major transmission of HIV/AIDS in the whole world, but in China, injecting drug use is the major transmission of HIV/AIDS. And many risk factors, such as lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, drug user and commercial sexual behavior increasing, floating population and sexual norm changing, et al, may accelerate expansion of HIV/AIDS of China. Based on this situation, we should actively reinforce prevention and control of HIV/AIDS through surveillance, health education, behavior intervention of high-risk groups, cases treatment and vaccine development.
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艾滋病与咨询
This article represents the basic concept of HIV counselling, a brief review of evaluation studies and relevant policies of Jointed United Nations Programme on AIDS(UNAIDS) based on UNAIDS and WHO documents as well as primary published literature in this aspect. HIV counselling has been shown to have a role in both HIV prevention and care for people living with HIV/AIDS. However,implementation of HIV counselling is still very limited, especially in developing countries, because of lack of policy support, insufficient resources and the obstacles in the implementation.
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发展中国家助听器供应及服务第五次会议在日内瓦召开
本刊讯 2007年11月8日至9日,在瑞士日内瓦召开了发展中国家助听器供应及服务第五次会议.本次大会由WHO/WWHearing共同主办,参会人员分别来自世界卫生组织、政府相关组织、学术团体、WHO合作中心、非政府组织等24个国家,共49位代表出席会议.会议主要议题为:报告发展中国家助听器供应服务项目(印度实验项目-成人部分);报告发展中国家助听器供应服务项目(中国实验项目-儿童部分);研讨发展中国家助听器供应服务工作规划;选举WWHearing学会(World-Wide Hearing Care for Developing Countries,WWHearing)执行委员会委员.
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In developing countries,mother-to-child trans mission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV)is responsible for 5 to 10 percen t o f all new HIV infections.Most children born to HIV-positive mothers are not HIV positive,but one quarter to one third are.The following instert looks at the p o ssibilities for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission,and discusses some of the questions that are still unanswered.
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It is a great pleasure to be given this opportunity to write a preface for the publication of the first Chinese version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Hearing Aids and Services for Developing Countries (2nd Edition) in this issue of the Journal of Audiology and Speech Pathology.
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发展中国家助听器及其服务指南(第二版,2004.9.)
本<指南>是由一个专家工作组制订的,该工作组是根据1998年举行的"WHO-CBM发展中国家助听器服务-需要和技术评估研讨会"的建议而成立的.
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发展中国家的孕产妇转诊系统
一个良好运转的转诊系统是母亲安全计划(Safe Motherhood Programmes)取得成功必不可少的环节.研究发现,在发展中国家,如果全面提供针对孕产妇死亡的关键干预,可避免近四分之三的孕产妇死亡;而针对产后出血、败血症、子痫和难产的基本产科保健措施则可使近一半的孕产妇免于死亡.
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对"发展中国家的孕产妇转诊系统"一文的评论
本系统评价通过收集相关文献,分析了发展中国家孕产妇转诊系统的主要特点,以及在资源相对稀缺的条件下,决定这种转诊系统是否成功的主要因素.本研究表明,在发展中国家,孕产妇急诊转诊系统的运行现状并不乐观,主要原因包括基础设施不足,缺少经验丰富的专业人员,缺乏知识更新,通讯交通困难,各服务层级之间缺乏协调合作,病人不依从转诊建议或自行转诊到上级医院致使转诊机构负荷过重而难于集中力量处理危重病例等.根据以上发现,作者提出了保证转诊系统良好运转的9个条件,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议.
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发展中国家的循证生殖健康
在发达国家和发展中国家卫生保健的重点不同.然而,在许多发展中国家卫生保健的资源分配方法和卫生保健实践仍然遵循发达国家的模式.总的来看在发展中国家卫生保健,特别是生殖健康保健,一直存在人员配置缺乏和资源分配不合理的问题.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem throughout the worl d. More than 400000 patients with TBI in the United States of America and more than a million patients with TBI in China are admitted to hospital every ye ar. Head trauma is also No.1 killer of young people in the developed countries as well a s in some developing countries. Unfortunately, the outcome of patients with seve re TBI is still poor all over the world. The mortality of severe TBI patients (G CS 3-8) in majority of hospitals is over 30% and very severe TBI patients (GCS 3-5) is over 80% with only 15% functional recovery.1,2 However, recent ad vance in cerebral protection by mild (35-33℃) to moderate hypothermia (32-30 ℃) is certainly encouraging, which brings neurosurgeons the hope to improve the outcome of severe head injured patients.