艾滋病与咨询

This article represents the basic concept of HIV counselling, a brief review of evaluation studies and relevant policies of Jointed United Nations Programme on AIDS(UNAIDS) based on UNAIDS and WHO documents as well as primary published literature in this aspect. HIV counselling has been shown to have a role in both HIV prevention and care for people living with HIV/AIDS. However,implementation of HIV counselling is still very limited, especially in developing countries, because of lack of policy support, insufficient resources and the obstacles in the implementation.

推动高质量的临床研究实现对儿童健康的承诺

Child health care in the 21st Century faces many new problems and challenges. By the year 2015, the mortality rate of children under the age of 5 years should be reduced by two thirds and the maternal mortality by three fourth[1], as proposed in the Millennium Development Goals by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund. China is a large developing country with more than 300 million children. According to Outline of Health Care Development of the 11th Five-year Plan[2] , by 2010, China's infant mortality rate must be lowered to 14.9‰, the mortality rate of children under 5 years of age to 17.7‰, and maternal mortality under 0. 0004%. The realization of these objectives will be a comprehensive reflection of the child health policies of the 21st century in lowering child mortality rate, protecting children, and facilitating their development, as well as safeguarding and promoting children's health.

Dementia is becoming a major concern worldwide because its prevalence and incidence rise exponentially with increasing age. The prevalence rates double with every 5 years of age, from about 5% (4-12%depending on the studies) in those aged 65 and older to about 40% over 90[1], and up to 58% in those 95 and older[2]. The annual incidence rate of dementia is 2.2% per year over age 65[3]. According to 1996 United Nations projections, the number of individuals ~ed 65 and older in the more developed countries will increase from 169 million (14.2% of the population) to 287 million (24. 7% of the population)[3]. Besides the huge human and social costs, the economic burden of dementia is enormous in countries with a long lifeexpectancy[3], both from direct costs, i.e., those that result in actual monetary expenditures, such as hospital care, physician visits, medications, home health care workers or institutional care and indirect costs, i.e.,those that do not result in actual monetary expenditures, such as time spouses or other caregivers spend helping and caring.