结核病的先天性免疫与TLR2/4/9的关系

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)为宿主细胞识别各种致病微生物的重要模式受体(pattern recognition receptors, PRRs).定位于细胞膜,通过识别不同途径产生的脂蛋白和DNA等微生物成分,并通过招募特异接头蛋白,激活一系列信号级联反应,引发促炎症细胞因子的产生.

提高原发性免疫缺陷病防治与研究水平的关键3年

免疫缺陷病(immunodeficiency diseases,ID)为因免疫细胞、分子功能缺陷导致的易患感染,恶性肿瘤和自身免疫疾病等。按其病因可分为：原发性 ID (primary ID,PID),由基因突变所致,可遗传；继发性ID(secondary ID,SID),由环境因素所致；获得性 ID (acquired ID,AID),由人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染所致。1940年以前即有数种 PID 被描述,包括 Syllaba 和 Henner 于1926年描述的共济失调性毛细血管扩张症(ataxia-telangiectasia),1929年Thorpe和 Handley等描述的皮肤黏膜念珠菌病(mucocutaneous candidiasis )和1937年 Wiskott描述的湿疹、血小板减少伴免疫缺陷综合征(Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome,WAS)。细胞免疫缺陷初于1950年由 Glanzmann和 Riniker 描述,1958年 Hitzig则发现抗体缺陷和细胞免疫缺陷可于同一患者同时存在,而将其称为瑞士型无丙种球蛋白血症。1952年,Bruton等报道首例先天性无丙种球蛋白血症,从此ID这一名词才被广泛应用和受到重视,并将所有先天性因素所致 ID 统称为 PID。1971年,按照新的命名原则对 PID 进行了首次全球性统一分类,以后每2~3年进行审订和修改并增加新疾病类型,迄今已进行10余次。PID分为联合 ID(combined ID),伴有免疫缺陷的明确综合征(well-defined syndromes with immunodeficiency),抗体为主的缺陷(predominantly antibody deficiencies),免疫调节失衡疾病(diseases of immune dysregulation)及吞噬细胞数量、功能或二者兼有的先天缺陷(congenital defects of phagocyte number,function or both)与固有免疫缺陷(defects in innate immunity),自身炎症性疾病(auto-inflammatory disorders )及补体缺陷(complement deficiencies)8类。

2型糖尿病与天然免疫系统激活

机体稳态受神经、内分泌、免疫三大系统调节,以适应机体内外环境变化.神经与内分泌系统之间解剖与功能上的密切联系早已被证实,而近年的研究表明,免疫与内分泌代谢性疾病也是密切相关.胰岛素抵抗与胰岛B细胞功能缺陷一直被认为是2型糖尿病(T2DM)根本的发病机制,进一步的研究表明,免疫调节异常可能在T2DM及相关代谢紊乱及其并发症的发生、发展中起了核心的作用.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a primary astrocyte disease associated with central nervous system inflammation, demyelination, and tissue injury. Brain lesions are frequently observed in regions enriched in expression of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel, an antigenic target of the NMO IgG serologic marker. Based on observations of disease reversibility and careful characterization of NMO lesion development, we propose that the NMO IgG may induce a dynamic immunological response in astrocytes. Using primary rat astrocyte-enriched cultures and treatment with NMO patient-derived serum or purified IgG, we observed a robust pattern of gene expression changes consistent with the induction of a reactive and inflammatory phenotype in astrocytes. The reactive astrocyte factor lipocalin-2 and a broad spectrum of chemokines, cytokines, and stress response factors were induced by either NMO patient serum or purified IgG. Treatment with IgG from healthy controls had no effect. The effect is disease-specific, as serum from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Sj gren's, or systemic lupus erythematosus did not induce a response in the cultures. We hypothesize that binding of the NMO IgG to AQP4 induces a cellular response that results in transcriptional and translational events within the astrocyte that are consistent with a reactive and inflammatory phenotype. Strategies aimed at reducing the inflammatory response of astrocytes may short circuit an amplification loop associated with NMO lesion development.