Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a characteristic clinical liver syndrome, which should be differentiated from acute liver failure, acute decompensated liver cirrhosis and chronic liver failure. The pathogenesis of ACLF is not fully understood yet. Viral factors and immune injury have been reported to be the two major pathogenesis. This paper reviewed the researches on the pathogenesis of acute on chronic hepatitis B liver failure in recent years, to provide theoretical basis for prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. This would beneift for the prognosis and raise the survival rate of patients.

Objective: To investigate the antitumor mechanisms of the streptococcal preparation OK-432. Methods: Using C57BL/6 mouse bearing B16 melanoma, we observed the antitumor activity of OK-432 and investigated the effect of OK-432 on multi-cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-() production of mouse splenocyte both in vitro and in vivo. Results: As compared with control, OK-432 significantly inhibited B16 melanoma growth and lengthened mice survival time (P<0.05). In vitro OK-432 could stimulate splenocyte from tumor bearing mice to secrete IL-6, IL-12, IFN-( and IL-10 remarkably (P<0.01). In vivo OK-432 led to the increased production of IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-( but decreased production of IL-10 (P<0.05). When the splenocytes harvested from OK-432 treated mice were stimulated with OK-432 again in vitro, the production of IFN-( increased and IL-10 decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: OK-432 could boost multiple cytokines production, especially IL-12 which skewed T cells in a Th1 dominant state and enhanced the host antitumor activities.

To study the killing effect of suicide gene CD on mouse gastric cancer. Methods: CD gene was transduced with the retroviral vector. The killing effect and bystander effect of CD gene on mouse gastric cancer cell line MFC were observed. The mouse gastric cancer model was used for in vivo study. The CD gene containing virus was injected into the tumors. The volumes of the tumors in every group were measured in time. Results: Significant killing effect and bystander effect were observed by CD gene in vitro, 70~80% cell death resulting from 20% of CD gene transduction. In vivo, CD/5-Fc caused tumor to diminution. Conclusion: CD/5-Fc system has significant killing effect on mouse gastric cancer

Long gap peripheral nerve injuries usually reulting in life-changing problems for patients. Skeletal muscle derived-multipotent stem cells (Sk-MSCs) can differentiate into Schwann and perineurial/endoneurial cells, vascular relating pericytes, and endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the damaged peripheral nerve niche. Application of the Sk-MSCs in the bridging conduit for repairing long nerve gap injury resulted favorable axonal regeneration, which showing supe-rior effects than gold standard therapy--healthy nerve autograft. This means that it does not need to sacriifce of healthy nerves or loss of related functions for repairing peripheral nerve injury.

Endothelial progenitor cells are resident in the bone marrow blood sinusoids and circulate in the peripheral circulation. They mobilize from the bone marrow after vascular injury and home to the site of injury where they differentiate into endothelial cells. Activation and mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow is induced via the production and release of endothelial progenitor cell-activating factors and includes speciifc growth factors and cytokines in response to peripheral tissue hypoxia such as after acute ischemic stroke or trauma. Endotheli-al progenitor cells migrate and home to speciifc sites following ischemic stroke via growth factor/cytokine gradients. Some growth factors are less stable under acidic conditions of tissue isch-emia, and synthetic analogues that are stable at low pH may provide a more effective therapeutic approach for inducing endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and promoting cerebral neovas-cularization following ischemic stroke.

中度低温减轻内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺炎症反应

Objective To investigate the role of moderate hypothermia in the lung inflammation of rat acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide( LPS). Methods A rat model of acute lung injury (ALI) was established by intra-tracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (1.5 mg/kg, 0.5 ml) at 16 h after LPS (1.0 mg/kg) intraperitoneal administration. Thirty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, receiving saline only;LPS group, receiving LPS; hypothermia group, treated with hypothermia without LPS; LPS + hypothermia group, treated with LPS and cooled to 32.5℃～ 33.0℃ as PaO2/FiO2 was below 300 mmHg. Hemodynamics and blood gases were recorded every hour throughout the study. Rats were killed 4 h after ALI, and lung lavage was performed to measure the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results PaO2/FiO2 was significantly decreased and PaCO2 was increased in the LPS group as compared to their baseline values( P 《 0.01 ). Treatment with hypothermia inhibited the increase in PaCO2 ( P 《 0.05) but had no effect on PaO2/FiO2 in the presence of LPS. The administration of LPS significantly increased the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in BALE as compared to the control experiment( P 《0.05, P 《 0.01 ). Moderate hypothermia reduced the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6( P 《 0.01 ) but had no effect on the production of IL-10( P 》 0.05). Conclusion Moderate hypothermia significantly inhibits proinflammatory cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury.

Objective:To determine the role of Interleukine-8 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis(EM).Methods:36 patients with endometriosis were selected as study group.20 patients without endometriosis served as control group. IL-8 concentration in peritoneal fluid(PF) and serum of both groups were detected by ELISA.The correlation between IL-8 concentration and the severity of EM were performed.The differences of IL-8 mRNA expression in eutopic endometrium of patients between with and without endometriosis, and the differences among different endometriotic lesions were further studied by Northern Blot;Cultured endometrial stromal cells(CESC) were divided into groups. IL-8 and anti-IL-8 were used to treat these cells.Results:(1)The PF and serum from patients with EM contained significantly greater amounts of IL-8 than those in controls. A significant correlation between PF IL-8 content and the severity of disease was noted but there were no evidences of a relationship between concentrations of serum IL-8 and PF IL-8.(2) It was showed that the expression density of IL-8 mRNA of Eu were significantly higher than that of En. Among the three different endometriotic lesions, the highest IL-8 mRNA expression density was found in RPL(red peritoneal lesion), while the lowest IL-8mRNA expression density was detected in ULN(uterosacral ligament module).(3) There was a dose-dependent stimulatory effect of IL-8 on the survival of ESC. At 1ng/ml, anti-IL-8 significantly inhibited the survival of endometrial cells.Conclusion:IL-8 may be one of the essential factors for the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Paraneoplastic Leukocytosis and Thrombocytosis as Prognostic Biomarkers in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: In clinical studies, the findings on sulfur mustard (SM) toxicity for CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets are contradictory. In animal experiments, the effect of SM on the T cell number and proliferation is incompatible and is even the opposite of the results in human studies. In this study, we observed the dynamic changes of T lymphocytes in the first week in a high-dose SM-induced model. Methods: Mice were exposed to SM by subcutaneous injection (20 mg/kg) and were sacrificed 4 h, 24 h, 72 h and 168 h later. Spleen T lymphocyte proliferation was evaluated by3H-TdR. Flow cytometric analysis was used to observe the percentage of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets. The IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels in plasma were assayed using the Luminex method. DNA damage in bone marrow cells was observed with the single cell gel electrophoresis technique (SCGE). Results: SM continuously inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes for 7 days, and there was a significant rebound of Con A-induced T lymphocyte proliferation only at 24 h. The percentage of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes was upregulated, which was accompanied by increased IL-1β and TNF-α and decreased IL-10. The IL-6 level was gradually decreased in the PG group at 4 h. The peak of lymphocytic apoptosis and DNA damage occurred at 24 h and 72 h, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that SM significantly inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation as well as induced CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ upregulation. SM intoxication also significantly increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and inhibited the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Our results may partly be due to the significant SM induced significant apoptosis and necrosis of lymphocytes as well as DNA damage of bone marrow cells. The results provided a favorable evaluation of SM immune toxicity in an animal model.

Objective: To explore the effect of different anesthesia and analgesia methods on the T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines and the levels of the stress hormone in patients with breast cancer surgery.Methods: 86 cases of breast cancer were divided into two groups by random digits table, control group of 43 cases with total intravenous anesthesia, and the observation group of 43 cases with total intravenous anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and postoperative underwent analgesia. The T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines and the levels of the stress hormone were detected before and after operation and compared. Results:CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ of the two groups at T1 or T2 were significantly lower than those at T0, and those in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group, and the difference between the two groups has statistical significance. IL-6, CRP and TNF-α levels of the two groups at T1, T2 or T3 were significantly higher than those at T0, and those in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group, and the difference between the two groups has statistical significance. Each index of two groups at T4 were restored to T0, and the differences were no statistically significant. The cortisol levels of two groups at T1 or T2 were significantly increased compared with T0, and the increase in the observation group was less than that of the control group, the difference between the two groups has statistical significance. The cortisol levels of two groups at T4 were restored to T0, and the differences were no statistically significant.Conclusion:Epidural analgesia after the intravenous anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia for breast cancer cure patients has lighter immunosuppression and stress reaction, has less influence on inflammatory factors, is an ideal anesthesia and analgesia.