Rehabilitation and Aids during the Developing Years in Italy

The rehabilitation of children with disabilities should be initiated as early as possible,as soon as problems or disorders are diagnosed in the development,to prevent or promptly counteract the consolidation of disability.In Italy the institutes involved in the rehabilitation of children with serious disability must be by law highly specialized.The devices have a key part in rehabilitation courses in developmental age.They are often planned and designed in the same rehabilitation center."La Nostra Famiglia" has been in Italy one of the first specialized rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents.By "La Nostra Famiglia" have been designed aids for children which later became a model throughout Europe.Our National Health System provides free aids for children and adolescents and describes in detail the characteristics of great adaptability that aids for children and adolescents should have.The "pressure mapping" allows you to test the effects of adapted aids versus aids not properly adapted to the size and needs.

非甾体消炎药相关消化道溃疡与溃疡并发症的预防与治疗规范建议

非甾体消炎药（ NSAIDs）是一大类不含糖皮质激素而具有抗炎、镇痛、解热作用的药物，其临床应用极为广泛，主要用于多种疼痛的对症治疗，改善风湿性疾病的炎性症状，近年来也用于预防心脑血管疾病等，是仅次于抗感染药物的第二大类药物。然而使用NSAIDs可能导致消化道、心血管、肾脏、肝脏、中枢神经系统和血液系统等的不良反应，其中消化道不良反应常见。 NSAIDs胃肠道副作用不仅危害患者健康，增加病死率，且大大增加了医疗费用。因此提高NSAIDs胃肠道安全性是临床医生需要关注的问题。

The last ten years have seen remarkable progress in cancer research. However, despite significant breakthroughs in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of cancer, the disease continues to affect millions of people worldwide. Cancer’s complexity compounded with ifnancial, policy and regulatory roadblocks has slowed the rate of progress being made against cancer. In this paper, we review a few of the most recent breakthroughs that are fueling medical advances and bringing new hope for patients affected by this devastating disease. We also address the challenges facing us and the opportunities to accelerate future progress against cancer. The efforts of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) to address the cancer burden already extend beyond the borders of the United States of America. hTe AACR is committed to increasing its efforts to stem the tide of cancer worldwide by promoting innovative programs, strategies, and initiatives for cancer researchers and all those engaged in cancer-related biomedical sciences around the world.

Obesity and kidney disease:hidden consequences of the epidemic

支气管肺发育不良的防治——证据及临床应用

The knowledge on the pathogenetic mechanisms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has increased considerably over recent years. However, the incidence of the disease has not substantially been changed by our therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the existing evidence for a number of respiratory and medical strategies to prevent or ameliorate the disease and gives recommendations for clinical practice. Oxygen plays an important pathogenetic and therapeutic role for BPD. Targeting infants at lower oxygen saturation levels than traditionally used seems to confer major advantages. There is no sufficient evidence for a routine use of respiratory strategies like permissive hypercapnia or inhaled nitric oxide to prevent BPD. Diuretics can ameliorate lung function transiently. High intramuscular doses of vitamin A can reduce the risk of BPD. Early or prophylactic surfactant might also be advantageous. Postnatal corticosteroids are effective but,due to their severe side effects, should be restricted to the severest cases. Alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and superoxide dismutase have no proven benefits for BPD. The role of erythromycin has not been completely elucidated yet. Innovative strategies like Clara Cell 10kD protein still have to be assessed in future trials.

支气管肺发育不良的预防策略

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the few diseases affecting premature infants that have continued to evolve since its first description about half a century ago. The current form of BPD, a more benign and protracted respiratory failure in extremely preterm infants, is in contrast to the original presentation of severe respiratory failure with high mortality in larger premature infants. This new BPD is end result of complex interplay of various antenatal and postnatal factors causing lung injury and subsequent abnormal repair leading to altered alveolar and vascular development. The change in clinical and pathologic picture of BPD over time has resulted in new challenges in developing strategies for its prevention and management. While some of these strategies like Vitamin A supplementation, caffeine and volume targeted ventilation have stood the test of time, others like postnatal steroids are being reexamined with great interest in last few years. It is quite clear that BPD is unlikely to be eliminated unless some miraculous strategy cures prematurity. The future of BPD prevention will probably be a combination of antenatal and postnatal strategies acting on multiple pathways to minimize lung injury and abnormal repair as well as promote normal alveolar and vascular development.

Strengthen the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism

The importance of the prevention of venous thromboembolismVein thrombosis (venous thrombosis) constitute the blood-tying embolism (venous thromboembolism,VTE)disease covers a wide range,with the most important proximal lower limb deep vein thrombosis (deep venous thrombosis,DVT) and pulmonary embolism (pulmonary embolism,PE).VTE annual incidence rate of 0.15％,and age increments,similar to those of men and women.The Caucasian incidence of the highest in Asia the incidence is lower than the United States and Europe,about 1/5 according to the current survey.But up to 13 million of China' s population,the absolute number of patients is very high.

The Diagnosis and Prevention, Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism

1 High-risk of venous thromboembolism(VTE)1.1 The high incidence of VTE detected in the autopsy rate was as high as 35% ～ 52%, 70% of life have not been diagnosed before. Western population epidemiological survey of its annual incidence rate was 0.1%, in particular, the highest incidence rates in Caucasians, the incidence in Asia than Europe and the United States, according to the present investigation is about the 1/5. Increased incidence of age increased, the highest incidence in the elderly up to 1%.

Venous thromboembolism is a major health problem,carrying significant morbidity and mortality, with an incidence that exceeds I per 1 000. Independent risk factors for venous thromboembolism include increasing age, male gender, surgery, trauma, hospital or nursing home confinement, neurologic disease with extremity paresis, central venous catheter/transvenous pacemaker, prior superficial vein thrombosis, and varicose, among women, the risk factors include pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy.

维他命E与抗衰老的关系

This article discusses the role of vitamin E in prventing aging. All the primary articles concemed are reviewed and the results are as follows. Moderate amount of dietary vitamin E supplement is positively related to the prevention of age-associated diseases. But vitamin E exerts no effect on maximum longevity. Overdose or long-term external supplement is of no use in preventing age-associated processes otherwise may cause toxicity. Through this review it is, in this article, suggested that sufficient dietary intake of vitamin E especially among the old should be encouraged to reduce the risk of age-associated diseases. But supplement of large amount of external vitamin E should be under the supervision of physician because of its possible toxicity.

After more than 30 years of battling a global epidemic, the prospect of eliminating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the most challenging infectious disease of the modern era is within our reach. Major scientific discoveries about the virus responsible for this immunodeficiency disease state, including its pathogenesis, transmission patterns and clinical course, have led to the development of potent antiretroviral drugs that offer great hopes in HIV treatment and prevention. Although these agents and many others still in development and testing are capable of effectively suppressing viral replication and survival, the medical management of HIV infection at the individual and the population levels remains challenging. Timely initiation of antiretroviral drugs, adherence to the appropriate therapeutic regimens, effective use of these agents in the pre and post-exposure prophylaxis contexts, treatment of comorbid conditions and addressing social and psychological factors involved in the care of individuals continue to be important considerations.

钢管舞运动损伤调查研究

通过问卷等方法对国家队20名女子钢管舞者进行了运动损伤类型、损伤原因调查，结果表明：女子钢管舞者运动运动损伤部位±次为大腿内侧、小腿内侧、大腿后肌群拉伤、颈椎劳损、踝部骨关节病、腰肌劳损。损伤类型包括胼胝、擦伤、延迟性肌肉酸痛以及瘀伤；大部分损伤部位在下肢；主要为慢性损伤。

Malaria

The authors were the peackkeepers of the Chinese level 2 hospital MONUSCO,Bukavu,DRC mission area.Under the instructions of deputy commander of South Kivu Brigade,they did a survey to find out the prevalence of malaria in Chinese level 2 hospital,and found out a total of 42.9％ inpatients were suffuring from malaria.To further help the UN troops and all MONUSCO staff for a better understanding of early prevention,accurate diagnosis,and proper treatment of this infectious disease,they refered relevant UN documents and based on level 2 hospital successful experience of prevention and treatment of malaria,they finished this article.It has been approved by CFMO (chief of force medical officer) of MONUSCO and the pamphlet has been published all over the mission area in e-copy.

加强消毒供应中心质量管理预防医院感染

目的：建立规范化的消毒供应中心，加强质量管理，确保无菌物品的质量，预防与控制医院感染的发生。方法：按照质量标准，对供应中心建筑布局，工作流程及管理进行规范化。结果：完善各项规章制度及操作流程，保证了无菌物品质量，满足了临床科室的治疗要求。结论：健全各项工作制度及管理制度，严格执行操作规程、规范管理是预防和控制医院感染的重要环节。