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防止首次剖宫产:美国尤尼斯?肯尼迪?施莱佛儿童健康和人类发育研究所、母胎医学学会、美国妇产科学院、联合研讨会纪要
近年来,剖宫产率在世界范围内呈明显上升趋势,美国的剖宫产率已攀升到了30%。我国剖宫产率在上世纪90年代开始猛增,国内无指征剖宫产的人群是美国全部分娩的总量。剖宫产术后的中远期并发症与患者的高期望值易导致医患矛盾冲突,因此,高剖宫产率已经不仅仅是个医学难题,更是一个严重的社会问题。
美国医学科学院儿童健康和人类发育研究所、母胎医学会和美国妇产科学院,于2012年2月7~8日在华盛顿史无前例地召开了三方联席会议同年11月,在世界知名妇产科杂志“Obstetrics&Gynecology”上发表了这份影响深远的会议纪要。该纪要针对美国高剖宫产率提出了许多新的思路、新的定义、新的流程、重点人群、相应的对策,将对未来几十年美国乃至世界的产科临床实践起决定性的指导作用。发稿前,后二个学术团体根据大会讨论的文献和这份纪要联合发布了“Safe Prevention of the Primary Cesarean Delivery”专业指南。
在此,我们详细介绍本次研讨会纪要内容,希望国内相关学科的医护人员能结合中国的实际情况,全面了解纪要的新知识、新概念、新理念、新思维,寻找有效避免首次剖宫产率的重点人群和相应对策,寻找到有效降低我国首次剖宫产率的手段。 -
手术人员在梅毒患者剖宫产手术中的职业防护
梅毒是由苍白密螺旋体(treponema pallidum,TP)感染引起的具有高度传染的性传播疾病,可以通过性接触方式水平传播,也可通过胎盘经血液垂直传播.近年来,我国梅毒发病率呈上升趋势,随着梅毒患者人数成倍增长,妊娠合并梅毒患者也相应增加[1-3].
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心理护理在剖宫产手术中的应用效果观察
手术是一种强烈的应激源,常导致产妇产生以焦虑为代表的心理应激反应[1].行剖宫产手术产妇不仅担心自己及胎儿的安全或健全,更担心手术影响其以后生活等.手术室护士将心理护理模式应用干剖宫产手术中,可以解除手术产妇的焦虑恐惧心理,使之愉快配合手术,收到满意效果.
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Background: To compare neonatal mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years of age in very low birth weight infants (≤1500 g) born by cesarean with those by vaginal delivery.
Methods: In this retrospective, case-control study, we evaluated neonatal mortality, medical conditions and neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years of corrected age in 710 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants born between January 2005 and December 2010. Of the 710 infants, 351 were born by the cesarean and 359/710 by vaginal route.
Results: There were no significant differences in neonatal mortality between the cesarean delivery group and vaginal delivery group [56/351 (15.9%) vs. 71/359 (19.8%), P=0.20]. VLBW infants delivered by the cesarean procedure had a higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome than those born by the vaginal route [221/351 (63.0%) vs. 178/359 (49.6%), P<0.001]. There were no differences in other neonatal morbidities, including intraventricular hemorrhage [126/351 (35.9%) vs. 134/359 (37.3%), P=0.69], bronchopulmonary dysplasia [39/351 (11%) vs. 31/359 (8.6%), P=0.38] and necrotising enterocolitis [40/351 (11.4%) vs. 32/359 (8.9%), P=0.32] between the two groups. The incidence of poor neurodevelopment after cesarean delivery was similar to that after vaginal delivery [105/351 (29.9) vs. 104/359 (29.0%), P=0.78].
Conclusions: In neither neurodevelopment nor neonatal mortality did cesarean birth offered significant advantages to VLBW infants. Moreover, the operation might be associated with an increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome for VLBW infants. The mode of delivery of VLBW infants should be largely based on obstetric indications and maternal considerations rather than perceived better outcomes for the neonate.