Effect of the water extract of Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh.leaves on7,12-dimethylbenz [a] antracene induced female mice liver carcinogens

Liver cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide.Recently,natural products were used widely as an alternative therapy for liver cancer.Previous study reported Macrosolen cochnichinensis (Lour.) Tiegh.that grows in the host star fruit inhibited breast cancer cells growth in vitro.This study aims to observe the effect of water extract of M.cochinchinensis leaves (MCE) on Balb/c mice hepatocyte after initiation of 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) as a liver cancer model inducer.The experiment consisted of four mice groups,corn oil solvent control group,the DMBA dose 20 mg/kgBW p.o.ten times twice a week,DMBA+MCE dose 250 mg/kgBW,and DMBA+MCE 750 mg/kgBW.Extract which was dissolved into 0.5％ CMC-Na was administered daily by the oral route 1 week before,during and terminated 1 week after the DMBA induction.At the end of the study,rat livers were collected and stained with Haematoxyllene and Eosin (H&E) method.Administration of MCE could not inhibit hepatic carcinogenesis in DMBA-induced female mice.There was no difference in liver tissue histopathology profile between the extract treatment group and DMBA control group.

Objective To evaluate the down stream involvement of the bile duct in hepatolithiasis.Methods Mechanical damage to bile duct epithelia and long standing cholangitis as result of hepatolithiasis play an important role in the carcinogenesis of bile duct epithelia and stricture of the intra- and extra-hepatic bile duct. Macromorphological and microscopic changes in bile duct mucosa of 100 consecutive patients with hepatolithiasis were investigated using intra- or post-operative cholangioscopy. Biopsy specimens of lesions obtained during cholangioscopy were studied with immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry to determine proliferative activity and DNA content. Five cases of well-proven cholangiocarcinoma were simultaneously studied as controls.Results Of the 100 patients, those with chronic cholangitis accounted for 86% (86/100), proliferative lesions 11% (11/100), adenomatous polyps 1% (1/100), and adenocarcinoma 2% (2/100). The obvious mucosal lesion associated with hepatolithiasis was located down-stream of the bile duct, predominantly in the hilar region, e.g. orifices of the right/left hepatic duct and common hepatic duct (73% mucosa lesions in the hilar region). The intensity of cancer embryonic antigen stain and the proliferative cell nuclear antigen index increased with the development of bile duct lesions. Aneuploid DNA presented mainly in the high degree malignant adenocarcinomas (>80% of cases).Conclusions The obvious mucosal lesions associated with hepatolithiasis were located down-stream of the bile duct, predominantly in the hilar region (73% of mucosal lesions). The proliferative activity of examined bile duct mucosa lesions increased with the development of pathological deterioration, which may contribute to the development of hilar bile duct stricture and hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Department of Surgery (Lu SC, Yan LN, Rao LQ, Xia T and Gou JL), Department of Pathology (Zhang SY), Biotherapy Center of Oncological Department (Lei S), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China

Current proposed mechanisms implicate both early and latent Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in the carcinogenic cascade, whereas epidemiological studies have always associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with early child-hood EBV infection and with chronic ear, nose, and sinus conditions. Moreover, most patients with NPC present with IgA antibody titers to EBV capsid antigen (VCA-IgA), which can precede actual tumor presentation by several years. If early childhood EBV infection indeed constitutes a key event in NPC carcinogenesis, one would have to explain the inability to detect the virus in normal nasopharyngeal epithelium of patients at a high risk for EBV infection. It is perhaps possible that EBV resides within the salivary glands, instead of the epithelium, during latency. This claim is indirectly supported by observations that the East Asian phenotype shares the characteristics of an increased sus-ceptibility to NPC and immature salivary gland morphogenesis, the latter of which is inlfuenced by the association of salivary gland morphogenesis with an evolutionary variant of the human ectodysplasin receptor gene (EDAR), EDARV370A. Whether the immature salivary gland represents a more favorable nidus for EBV is uncertain, but in patients with infectious mononucleosis, EBV has been isolated in this anatomical organ. The presence of EBV-induced lymphoepitheliomas in the salivary glands and lungs further addresses the possibility of submucosal spread of the virus. Adding to the fact that the fossa of Rosen Müller contains a transformative zone active only in the ifrst decade of life, one might be tempted to speculate the possibility of an alternative carcinogenic cascade for NPC that is perhaps not dissimilar to the model of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.