重症右心功能管理专家共识

To establish the experts consensus on the right heart function management in critically ill patients. The panel of consensus was composed of 30 experts in critical care medicine who are all members of Critical Hemodynamic Therapy Collaboration Group (CHTC Group). Each statement was assessed based on the GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) principle. Then the Delphi method was adopted by 52 experts to reassess all the statements. (1) Right heart function is prone to be affected in critically illness, which will result in a auto-exaggerated vicious cycle. (2) Right heart function management is a key step of the hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. (3) Fluid resuscitation means the process of fluid therapy through rapid adjustment of intravascular volume aiming to improve tissue perfusion. Reversed fluid resuscitation means reducing volume. (4) The right ventricle afterload should be taken into consideration when using stroke volume variation (SVV) or pulse pressure variation (PPV) to assess fluid responsiveness.(5)Volume overload alone could lead to septal displacement and damage the diastolic function of the left ventricle . (6) The Starling curve of the right ventricle is not the same as the one applied to the left ventricle,the judgement of the different states for the right ventricle is the key of volume management. (7) The alteration of right heart function has its own characteristics, volume assessment and adjustment is an important part of the treatment of right ventricular dysfunction (8) Right ventricular enlargement is the prerequisite for increased cardiac output during reversed fluid resuscitation; Nonetheless, right heart enlargement does not mandate reversed fluid resuscitation.(9)Increased pulmonary vascular resistance induced by a variety of factors could affect right heart function by obstructing the blood flow. (10) When pulmonary hypertension was detected in clinical scenario, the differentiation of critical care-related pulmonary hypertension should be a priority. (11) Attention should be paid to the change of right heart function before and after implementation of mechanical ventilation and adjustment of ventilator parameter. (12) The pulmonary arterial pressure should be monitored timingly when dealing with critical care-related pulmonary hypertension accompanied with circulatory failure.(13) The elevation of pulmonary aterial pressure should be taken into account in critical patients with acute right heart dysfunction. (14) Prone position ventilation is an important measure to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance when treating acute respiratory distress syndrome patients accompanied with acute cor pulmonale. (15) Attention should be paid to right ventricle-pulmonary artery coupling during the management of right heart function. (16) Right ventricular diastolic function is more prone to be affected in critically ill patients, the application of critical ultrasound is more conducive to quantitative assessment of right ventricular diastolic function. (17) As one of the parameters to assess the filling pressure of right heart, central venous pressure can be used to assess right heart diastolic function. (18). The early and prominent manifestation of non-focal cardiac tamponade is right ventricular diastolic involvement, the elevated right atrial pressure should be noticed. (19) The effect of increased intrathoracic pressure on right heart diastolic function should be valued. (20) Ttricuspid annular plane systolic excursion(TAPSE) is an important parameter that reflects right ventricular systolic function, and it is recommended as a general indicator of critically ill patient. (21) Circulation management with right heart protection as the core strategy is the key point of the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome. (22) Right heart function involvement after cardiac surgery is very common and should be highly valued. (23) Right ventricular dysfunction should not be considered as a routine excuse for maintaining higher central venous pressure. (24) When left ventricular dilation, attention should be paid to the effect of left ventricle on right ventricular diastolic function. ( 25) The impact of left ventricular function should be excluded when the contractility of the right ventricle is decreased. (26) When the right heart load increases acutely, the shunt between the left and right heart should be monitored. (27) Attention should be paid to the increase of central venous pressure caused by right ventricular dysfunction and its influence on microcirculation blood flow. (28) When the vasoactive drugs was used to reduce the pressure of pulmonary circulation, different effects on pulmonary and systemic circulation should be evaluated. (29) Right atrial pressure is an important factor affecting venous return. Attention should be paid to the influence of the pressure composition of the right atrium on the venous return. (30) Attention should be paid to the role of the right ventricle in the acute pulmonary edema. (31) Monitoring the difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure is helpful to determine whether the infusion increases the venous return. (32) Venous return resistance is often considered to be a insignificant factor that affects venous return, but attention should be paid to the effect of the specific pathophysiological status, such as intrathoracic hypertension, intra-abdominal hypertension and so on. Consensus can promote right heart function management in critically ill patients, optimize hemodynamic therapy, and even affect prognosis.

Computed tomography versus transthoracic echocardiography in the detection of complex congenial heart diseases in china:a meta-analysis

Relationship between the level of NT-proBNP and left ventricular diastolic function in chronic heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction

Objective To investigate the relationship between n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level and echocardiographic parameter in patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) and evaluate the correlation,specificity and sensitivity on these indices.Methods Sixty-six symptomatic patients with isolated diastolic dysfunction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (≥ 50％) and forty-three people with normal left ventricular (LV) function were examined by conventional echocardiography,tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).Plasma NT-proBNP levels were determined simultaneously.Results Compared with control group,NT-proBNP,E/Em,LVMI were significantly higher in HFPEF (P ＜ 0.01); NT-proBNP was significantly correlated with E/Em (correlation coefficient r =0.576).Conclusion NT-proBNP,E/Em,LVMI were significant markers for reflecting left ventricular diastolic function and good tools for diagnosing HFPEF.NT-proBNP had a significant negative predictive value (92.7％) when NT-proBNP ＜ 90 pg/ml.

Object Diastolic function' s assessment is vital in order to produce information relevant to patients' functional class, management and prognosis. We sought to investigate diastolic dysfunction in essential hypertension (EH) with or without coronary heart disease (CAD) using color M- mode Doppler echocardiography and to study the relation between diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and geometry of LV, and to demonstrate partly the cause of increased cardiovascular risk of an echocardiographic pattern of LV geometry. Methods 36 normal subjects (Group Ⅰ) and 107 patients with essential hypertension (Group Ⅱ) were studied using color M- mode Doppler echocardiography. Four different LV anatomic adaptation to hypertension were identified by categorizing patients according to values of end-diastolic relative wall thickness (RWT) and LVMI. We measured the rate of propagation of peak early filling flow velocity (Vp), time delay (TD) of the peak early filling flow velocity from mitral tips to the apex and Vp/E. Results The geometry of LV was classified into four types according to the LVMI and RWT. The normal limits of LVMI and RWT were obtained from the upper limits of the 95 % confidence interval from mean of LVMI and RWT in healthy control group respectively, which were 115.2 g/m2 and 0.44. The definition of each type was as follows: Type Ⅰ (normal group): LVMI ≤ 115.2 g/m2 and RWT ≤0.44; Type Ⅱ (concentric remodeling): LVMI ≤115.2 g/m2 and RWT ＞ 0.44; Type Ⅲ (eccentric hypertrophy): LVMI＞ 115.2 g/m2 and RWT ≤0.44; Type Ⅳ (concentric hypertrophy): LVMI ＞115.2 g/m2 and RWT ＞ 0.44. Most parameters of diastolic function in each geometry type differed significantly from those in the control group, but the dif ference among each geometry type was not significant.When compared with type Ⅰ, there was a tendency thatTD was longer and Vp/E smaller in Type Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳgroups. The correlation between LVMI and Vp and TD had statistical significance (P ＜ 0. 01); the correlation coefficients were - 0. 21 and 0. 29, respectively.Conclusions There is diastolic dysfunction in different LV geometry in patients with essential hypertension, even in patients with LV normal geometry there is diastolic dysfunction. LVMI has negative correlation to Vp, and positive correlation to TD. It may indicate that the greater the LVMI is, the worse the LV diastolic function.

Objective To determine whether successful valvuloplasty causes an increase of mitral valve area reserve in patients with mitral stenosis, isoproterenol stress echocardiography was used to compare mitral valve area and hemodynamic changes between pre- and post- valvuloplasty under conditions of increased cardiac work. Methods Thirtyeight patients with pure rheumatic mitral stenosis who had received successful percutaneous balloon valvulo plasty underwent isoproterenol stress echocardiography pre- and post- valvuloplasty. Mitral valve area (by direct planimetry of two- dimensional echocardiography), mean transmitral pressure gradient (by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography), and cardiac output (by M -mode echocardiography) were measured at rest and under isoproterenol stress to achieve heart rate of different stages. Results Mitral valve area (0. 91± 0. 28 to 1. 87±0.23cm2, P ＜0.01), mean transmitral pressure gradient ( 12.5 ± 6. 3 to 3.9 ± 1.9mmHg, P ＜ 0.01 ) and cardiac output (3.93 ± 1.44to 4. 73 ± 1.01 L/min, P ＜ 0.05) at rest between pre - and post -valvuloplasty were significantly different.Pre-valvuloplasty, as heart rate increased under stress, mean transmitral pressure gradient increased significantly ( P ＜ 0.01 ), but there were no significant differences in the measurements of mitral valve area and cardiac output (both P ＞ 0.05). In contrast, as heart rate increased post- valvuloplasty, there was a significant increase in mean transmitral pressure gradient (P ＜ 0.01), but both mitral valve area and cardiac output further increased significantly (both P ＜ 0. 01) . Moreover, valvuloplasty decreased mean transmitral pressure gradient at peak heart rate from 23.0 ± 4. 5 to 7.75 ± 2.30 mmHg ( P ＜ 0.01 ) under submaximal stress. Conclusions Successful percu taneous balloon valvuloplasty soon causes a significant increase of mitral valve area reserve in patients with mitral stenosis, which is markedly manifested under conditions of hemodynamic stress. Stress echocardiography provides a safe, feasible and non-invasive means of assessing this reserve capacity.

Background Myocardial blood flow(MBF) can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) during a venous in fusion of microbubble. A minimal MBF is required to maintain cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability in ischemic condition. Thus, we hypothesized that MCE could be used to assess myocardial viability by the determination of MBF. Methods and Results MCE was performed at 4 hours after ligation of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in 7dogs with constant venous infusions of microbubbles.The video intensity versus pulsing interval plots derived from each myocardial pixel were fitted to an exponential function: y=A(1-e-βt), where y is Ⅵ at pulsing interval t, A reflects rnicrovascular cross- sectional area (or myocardial blood volume), and β reflects mean myocardial microbubble velocity. The product of A · β represents MBF. MBF was also obtained by radiolabeled microsphere method servered as reference.MBF derived by radiolabeled microsphere- method in the regions of normal, ischemia and infarction was 1.5±0.3, 0.7±0.3, 0.3±0.2mL·min-1· g-1respectively. The product of A · β obtained by MCE in those regions was 52. 46 ± 15.09, 24.36 ± 3.89, 3.74± ± 3.80 respectively. There was good correlation between normalized MBF and the normalized A · β (r =0. 81, P = 0. 001 ). Conclusions MCE has an ability to determine myocardial viability in myocardial in farction canine model.

Background: Infantile hepatic hemangioma (IHH) as a benign liver tumor in infancy and childhood is commonly associated with high output cardiac failure. The present study aims to describe the imaging findings in a patient who was diagnosed as having multiple IHH with congestive cardiac insuffi ciency.
Methods: The imaging findings and clinical manifestations of the patient with multiple IHH associated with cardiac insuffi ciency were retrospectively reviewed.
Results: Ultrasonography showed multiple intrahepatic lesions with mixed echoes and markedly expanded hepatic veins and the inferior vena cava of the patient. Echocardiography revealed right heart insufficiency and pulmonary hypertension. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed early mild enhancement of lesions and more obvious delayed enhancement. The patient died after combined therapy of surgery and hormone.
Conclusions: The imaging findings of multiple IHH associated with cardiac insufficiency are typical and diagnostic. Early imaging assessment may facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.