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Inlfammation may play a role in postoperative cognitive dysfunction. 5′ Adenosine monophos-phate-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-αare involved in inlfammation. Therefore, these inlfammatory mediators may be involved in postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Western immunoblot analysis revealed 5′adenosine mo-nophosphate-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B in the hippocampus of aged rats were increased 1-7 days after splenectomy. Moreover, interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis fac-tor-αwere upregulated and gradually decreased. Therefore, these inlfammatory mediators may participate in the splenectomy model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats.