Application of cone beam computed tomography in facial imaging science

The use of three-dimensional (3D) methods for facial imaging has increased significantly over the past years.Traditional 2D imaging has gradually being replaced by 3D images in different disciplines,particularly in the fields of orthodontics,maxillofacial surgery,plastic and reconstructive surgery,neurosurgery and forensic sciences.In most cases,3D facial imaging overcomes the limitations of traditional 2D methods and provides the clinician with more accurate information regarding the soft-tissues and the underlying skeleton.The aim of this study was to review the types of imaging methods used for facial imaging.It is important to realize the difference between the types of 3D imaging methods as application and indications thereof may differ.Since 3D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging will play an increasingly importanl role in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery,special emphasis should be placed on discussing CBCT applications in facial evaluations.

Practical limitations of cone-beam computed tomography in3D cephalometry

3D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images offer a unique and new appreciation of the anatomical structures and underlying anomalies not possible with conventional radiographs.However,in almost all aspects of CBCT imaging,from utilization to application,inherent limitations and pitfalls exist.Importantly,these inherent limitations and pitfalls have practical implications which need to be addressed before the potential of this technology can be fully realized.The purpose of this review was to explore the current limitations and pitfalls associated with CBCT imaging to allow for better and more accurate understanding of the possibilities this imaging modality could offer,particularly pertaining to 3D cephalometry.

This review is aimed at providing, at the cellular level, a concise and complete overview of the important knowledge on the mechanism of orthodontic tooth movement to orthodontists and postgraduates who are involved or interested in basic research. The construction of this article was oriented to the following key questions: Where an osteoclast starts to its first resorption site? When the cascade of a resorption cycle starts? What are the factors involved in bone remodeling and how they orchestrate? What happens before and after the formation of a resorption pit? Major findings in these aspects were summarized and discussed. In addition, related biological phenomenon such as orthodontically induced root resorption was intensively reviewed. By means of an updated and systematic review, the author intended to introduce more biological evidence to orthodontic intervention and to encourage evidence-based treatment in daily orthodontic practice.

Science and practice:challenges and perspectives of contemporary orthodontics

Whether medicine is a science remains a philosophical question.Yet undeniably edvances in science have revolutionarily influenced almost every aspect of medicine including dentistry.It is now exactly one hundred years from Edward H.Angle introduced fixed orthodontic appliances in the early 1900s and established orthodontics as the first dental specialty.Orthodontics has come a long way during its first century.Looking forward to all the challenges and opportunities,it is now time to reflect what science has given to our profession,what for gap still exists between the science and practice in orthodontics,and how we can make science more available to our practice in future.

Application of mobile photography with smartphone cameras for monitoring of orthodontic correction with dental BRACKETS

Retention wires permanently bonded to the anterior teeth are used after orthodontic treatment to prevent the teeth from relapsing to pre-treatment positions. A disadvantage of bonded retainers is biofilm accumulation on the wires, which produces a higher incidence of gingival recession, increased pocket depth and bleeding on probing. This study compares in vivo biofilm formation on single-strand and multi-strand retention wires with different oral health-care regimens. Two-centimetre wires were placed in brackets that were bonded to the buccal side of the first molars and second premolars in the upper arches of 22 volunteers. Volunteers used a selected toothpaste with or without the additional use of a mouthrinse containing essential oils. Brushing was performed manually. Regimens were maintained for 1 week, after which the wires were removed and the oral biofilm was collected to quantify the number of organisms and their viability, determine the microbial composition and visualize the bacteria by electron microscopy. A 6-week washout period was employed between regimens. Biofilm formation was reduced on single-strand wires compared with multi-strand wires;bacteria were observed to adhere between the strands. The use of antibacterial toothpastes marginally reduced the amount of biofilm on both wire types, but significantly reduced the viability of the biofilm organisms. Additional use of the mouthrinse did not result in significant changes in biofilm amount or viability. However, major shifts in biofilm composition were induced by combining a stannous fluoride-or triclosan-containing toothpaste with the mouthrinse. These shifts can be tentatively attributed to small changes in bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity after the adsorption of the toothpaste components, which stimulate bacterial adhesion to the hydrophobic oil, as illustrated for a Streptococcus mutans strain.

Enamel Demineralization Prevention during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment and Remineralization Strategies

Preventing enamel demineralization and remineralization of orthodontic patients is important and it differs from other dental patients.Oral hygiene education and oral examination is essential to prevent enamel demineralization,and dietary education or control of sugar intake should not be ignored during fixed orthodontic treatment.Laser irradiation is a noteworthy method to prevent enamel mineralization.Products containing fluoride and fluoride released not only can be used to prevent demineralization but also have the ability of remineralization during orthodontic treatment.Oral hygiene products containing casein-phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) have been demonstrated to have the ability of remineralization such as sugar-free chewing gum added CPP-ACP,lozenges containing CPP-AGP and milk protein casein tabilized by phosphopeptides.