原子力显微镜对人尿液的直接观察

目的:建立人尿液的观察方法.方法:用原子力显微镜观察人尿液.结果:人尿液中的有形成分可均匀分布在云母片上,呈现大小、形状各不相同的颗粒,大者如同光镜下的结晶体,小者为几十纳米大小的颗粒状结构;不同性别、年龄的66份尿标本形态相似.结论:为进一步探讨尿液的研究和临床价值提供了线索.

中晚期乳腺单纯癌粗面内质网及核糖体的形态参数的逐步判别分析

目的:探讨乳腺单纯癌临床诊断的量化标准.方法:对20例中期和20例晚期乳腺单纯癌癌细胞粗面内质网、游离核糖体、多核糖体的7个形态参数进行体视学分析,用逐步判别分析法剔选各参数值,建立判别函数.结果:Vvr2、Svr2、SR与Sr2之间有显著性差异(P＜0.01),回代判别正确率达到85.7%.结论:本研究建立的乳腺单纯癌临床诊断量化标准对鉴别诊断乳腺癌及判断其恶性程度和预后具有重要意义.

新型中药复方制剂防治CoxB3感染小鼠急性实验性心肌炎的形态定量学研究

目的:观察新型中药复方制剂心康口服液预防和治疗柯萨奇B3 (CVB3m)感染小鼠急性病毒性心肌炎形态学及形态定量学改变的作用.方法:将小鼠随机等分为模型组、阳性药(干扰素、Ribavilin)对照组、心康口服液组及正常对照组,并腹腔接种CVB3m病毒液建立病毒性心肌炎模型.预防组在用药2d后建立病毒性心肌炎模型,连续用药20-22d,观察比较第5、10和20d小鼠心脏肉眼及组织形态学改变并进行形态定量学测量,所得数据用SPSS/PC软件包作统计学处理.结果:心康口服液中、小剂量组及干扰素组第20d时心脏表面重度病变检出率与病毒组有显著意义P＜0.01;心肌组织重度损伤(心肌细胞大片坏死崩解)检出率第20d时均低于病毒感染对照组、Ribav-ilin对照组及干扰素对照组,其中,中、小剂量组与病毒组有显著意义P＜0.0l;心肌病变面积/全心面积比值第10d及20d时心康口服液中、小剂量组及干扰素对照组与病毒对照组有显著意义P＜0.01;平均病变面积预防用药第10d及20d,治疗用药第20d心康口服液中、小剂量组及干扰素组与病毒感染对照组有显著意义P＜0.0l.结论:心康口服液对CVB3m病毒感染小鼠的预防性及治疗性给药可保护心肌,减轻心肌损伤及促进损伤心肌修复,其预防作用类似干扰素,治疗作用优于Ribavilin,预防用药疗效较治疗用药为好.

Aim: To observe the apoptotic changes following exposure to EMP and to explore the possible injury mechanism in NIH - 3T3 fibroblasts. Methods: Following NIH - 3T3 cells were exposed to EMP,the proliferation and viability of NIH - 3T3 fibroblasts were estimated by hemacytometer and MTT Measurements. Apoptotic rate was measured by flow cytometer. The imnmohistochemical SP method was used to determine bcl- 2, p53. The positively stained cells were analyzed with CMIAS- Ⅱ image analysis system at a magnification 400. All data were analyzed by SPSS8.0 software. Results: The proliferation and viability of NIH- 3T3 cells were markedly inhibited and significant apoptosis was induced following exposure to EMP.EMP could increase the number of non- adherent cells, the highest ratio (33.9%) of non- adherent cells also occurred at 6h. The As70 value of MTT decreased immediately at 1 h, 6h following the cells were exposed as compared with the control (P ＜ 0.05). The highest ratio of apoptosis was 15.07% at 6h, then decreased gradually. Down - regulation of bcl - 2 and up - regulation of p53 were induced by EMP ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions: EMP could promote apoptosis of NIH - 3T3 fibroblasts. EMP could also down - regulate bcl - 2 level and up - regulate p53 level in NIH - 3T3 fibroblasts. Bcl - 2 and p53 gene may take part in the process of apoptosis.

视网膜母细胞瘤p53、bcl-2、bax及增埴细胞核抗原的表达意义

目的:探讨视网膜母细胞瘤(retinoblastoma,Rb)p53、bcl-2、bax和增殖细胞核抗原表达与Rb及其分化程度的关系.方法:用免疫组化检测21例Rb和6例正常视网膜常规石蜡标本的p53、bcl-2、bax和PCNA表达.结果:bcl-2、bax和PCNA在Rb中的表达较高,与正常视网膜相比有显著性差异.分化型Rb组织的bcl-2阳性表达率较高,与未分化型Rb组织相比有显著性差异.p53、bcl-2、bax在Rb中的表达与PCNA的表达有显著相关性.结论:Rb的发生与多个细胞凋亡调控基因异常有关.测定Rb的bcl-2、PCNA、bax的表达,对帮助Rb的诊断和了解其分化程度具有重要意义.

正常妊娠和妊高征胎盘血管三维铸型形态研究

目的:建立正常妊娠和妊高征胎盘血管的三维铸型模型,探讨正常妊娠和妊高征胎盘血管的三维分布结构特征和临床价值.方法:采用改良的血管铸型方法,通过胎盘脐动、静脉灌注血管铸型材料,铸建20例正常胎盘,48例异常胎盘血管模型.结果:①人胎盘血管三维结构模型中,正常胎盘血管分支分为5-7级,胎盘动静脉系统容积为152.5mL±45.3mL,末梢动静脉分支数比值为1:2;②重度妊高征胎盘血管系统容积为102.8 mL±36.1 mL(P＜0.01),末稍动静脉分支数比值2:3或1:1(P＜0.05);③特殊胎盘的血管结构均有特殊性.结论:建立胎盘血管三维铸型,有利于直观了解正常和异常胎盘血管系统的结构,它不仅可作为教研模型,而且对深入探讨胎盘功能也有一定价值.

结直肠癌中肿瘤血管形成的相关因素的研究

目的:研究一氧化氮合酶(iNOS、eNOS)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在结直肠肿瘤中的表达及其与肿瘤血管形成的关系.方法:应用免疫组化方法检测72例结直肠癌患者手术切除石蜡包埋标本的iNOS、eNOS、VEGF的表达,并与正常结直肠黏膜、息肉、腺瘤的相比较.检测肿瘤微血管密度(MVD,以鼠Ⅷ因子为标记).结果:iNOS和eNOS在结直肠癌表达中的平均阳性率为70.83%和36.11%,与正常黏膜、息肉、腺瘤相比,前者的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),Spearman相关分析r=0.526(P＜0.05).72例结直肠癌iNOS与VEGF表达作一致性x2检验,有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而eNOS表达与MEGF表达无一致性.MVD在iNOS表达的分级上有差异,与eNOS表达的分级上无关系.结论:iNOS的异常激活可能在结直肠癌的发生及演进中起一定作用,而eNOS的作用不明显;iNOS、VEGF可促进结直肠癌血管形成.

Aim: To investigate glycoconjugate changes on the cell surface of proliferative lesions and neoplasms of mice lungs at various stages of tumorigenesis, the relation between progressive development of mouse pulmonary tumors and expression of cell surface saccharide. Materials and methods: Thirty - one male A/J strain mice at 5 weeks of age were treated intraperitoneally with a single injection of 20 - methylcholanthrene (20 - MC), 292 pulmonary lesions including 31 hyperplasias, 145 alveolar adenomas, 61 papillary adenomas, 55 papillary adenocarcinomas and their combined type were obtained. The binding affinities of cells in normal respiratory epithelia and in proliferative lesions to four peroxidases - conjugated lectins, Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MPA), Arachis hypogea agglutinin (PNA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were examined. Results: Cells of hyperplasia and alveolar adenoma showed fairly strong affinity to all the four lectins. However, part of papillary adenoma cells and greater part of papillary adenocarcinoma cells lost their binding affinity to MPA, PNA, and RCA, but not to WGA. The bindings of MPA, PNA and RNA were detected predominently on the luminal surfaces of benign tumors but not on the luminal surfaces of malignant tumors. WGA might bind to varied types of benign and malignant tumors. Pretreated with neuraminidase, the lesions enhanced the staining intensity for the four lectins, the binding sites of WGA to malignant tumor cells were numerous. A distinct difference in lectin binding affinity between hyperplasia / alveolar adenoma/papillary adenoma and papillary adenocarcinoma was clearly shown( x2 = 46.89, P ＜ 0.01, x2 = 36.77, P ＜ 0.01 and x2 = 52.87, P ＜ 0.01 ) in this experiment. The complex glycoconjugates on the cell surface of malignant and benign lesions during the development of pulmonary tumor were changed,malignant tumor cells differed from the surface of benign tumor cells, the levels of total sialic acid were higher in malignant tumor cells than in benign lesions. Conclusions: The expressions of glycoconjugates on cell surface by lectins may assist differential diagnosis of the malignant and benign lung lesions.

小鼠吸烟急性中毒后肺组织的形态计量学改变

目的:研究小鼠吸烟急性中毒后肺组织的形态计量改变.方法:应用图像分析技术和形态计量学方法,测量小鼠吸烟急性中毒后肺组织的形态计量学改变.结果:吸烟2组(改进型低自由基香烟)小鼠的存活时间是吸烟1组(普通香烟)小鼠的3.7倍.吸烟组与对照组比,小鼠肺泡体积密度、异形指数、等效直径及肺泡间隔厚度明显增大(P＜0.05～P＜0.01)表面积密度、数密度、形状因子则明显减少(P＜0.01);肺小支气管内腔的形状因子明显增大(P＜0.01),上皮的周长指数显著减少(P＜0.01);小支气管的Reid指数则无明显改变;病理结果显示,吸烟2组病变不如吸烟1组明显.结论:改进型低自由基香烟的毒性明显低于普通香烟.

大肠腺癌、腺瘤及正常组织中线粒体形态结构的体视学研究

目的:从三维水平定量揭示大肠腺癌、腺瘤及正常粘膜上皮线粒体的超微结构特点和变化规律,并阐明其能量代谢的主要途径.方法:手术大肠腺癌8例,肠镜大肠腺瘤8例,大肠癌正常粘膜8例.按体视学原理和方法在电镜下随机摄片,以胞浆为参照空间,测试腺上皮细胞中形态正常的和空泡变性的线粒体的体积密度(Vv)、表面积密度(Sv)、数密度(Nv)、平均自由程(λ)、形状因子(PE)、改良形状因子(pe)、规化形状因子(RFF)、平均体积(v)及平均表面积(s),比较这些参数在不同组织间的差异.结果:正常线粒体的Sv、Nv、pe、RFF在大肠腺癌、腺瘤和正常粘膜之间差异有显著性(P＜0.05);空泡化线粒体比较,三组间Vv、Sv、λ、PE、pe、RFF、v、s差异有显著性(P＜0.05);全部线粒体比较,三组间Nv差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:大肠腺瘤线粒体增生明显,其生物氧化产能功能的结构基础较腺癌和正常组织增大,糖代谢以有氧代谢为主;大肠腺癌癌细胞线粒体减少,生物氧化产能功能的结构基础较正常及腺瘤减弱,糖代谢以无氧酵解为主;线粒体空泡化普遍存在于大肠腺癌、腺瘤和正常组织中,其形态更趋向于圆形.

Thanks to the development of metallographic and optical techniques, the quantitative characterisation of the geometry of rough surfaces has become very useful in practical applications. Today, numerous different methods are available for determining three dimensional co- ordinates, linear profiles or height contours to a reasonable degree of accuracy and within an acceptable time frame, and for evaluating such data. In this article, the use of such techniques in the field of fractography is demonstrated with reference to a number of case studies dealt with by the author' s own team, supplemented by several examples from other research groups. The following examples are discussed:In a ceramic material different fracture paths were discerned corresponding to different test temperatures.Inhard metals,it was shown that hoth the sub-critical and supercritical propagation of cracks occurred dalong the same path.From measurements of the proportion of fracture surfaces occurring along and in the various different phases present and the depth of dimples occurring during ductile fracture in the binder phase,the fracture energy of EC-Co-hard alloys with different cobalt contents and tungsten carbide grain sizes was calculated and found to be in excellent agreement with actual experimental results.In the case of ceramic fibre-aluminium matrix cpmposite materials,by measuring the beight distribution of the positions of fracture of the fibres,the load transfer in the region of the fracture surface was determined.with this information a model was developed which explains the significant variation in strength of these materials Finally,a model was developed for metallic materials using which,from the experimentally determined distributions of the height and inclination of the fracture facets,the stress intensity of roughness induced crack closing could he accurately predicted.

一种基于小波变换消除图像噪声方法

提出了一种基于小波变换消除图像噪声方法.该方法包括水平、垂直和对角线多个方向一维(1D)与二维(2D)两个小波变换消噪处理过程,汲取了1D方向数组小波变换消噪能较好保持方向性边沿的优点,消除了2D图像小波变换阈值法消噪造成的边沿模糊.与常规方法相比,此方法在有效抑制噪声的同时,能较大程度保留图像边沿.经实际噪声图像测试,具有误差小、信噪比高的特点.

尿液多功能超高倍显微仪图文分析法

目的:建立一种系统性、直观性、可比性强的尿液图文分析技术,以解决临床上对泌尿系统疾病的无创伤性辅助诊断与鉴别诊断问题.方法:联合采用尿液干化学分析、多功能超高倍显微仪有形成分定量计数及形态与类型观察分析并作图像采集,利用计算机分析软件作图文分析报告.结果:肾小球性疾病尿液红细胞呈多形型或混合型,非肾小球性疾病尿液红细胞呈均一型或影形型.均一型红细胞大小形态一致,膜光滑,血红蛋白分布均匀且折光性强;多形型红细胞大小形态不一,膜多不光滑,血红蛋白分布不均并多呈块状贴膜分布且折光性弱.142名健康成人尿液细胞、管型检测结果(×104/mL,按1μL计数体积)为:红细胞(男＜0.8,女＜0.9),白细胞(男＜0.8,女＜1.1),管型男女均为0.结论:该技术具有分析结果完整系统、一致性好、便于回顾性对比分析等优点,图像的清晰度、分辨率、放大倍率高,结果稳定可靠.

计算机病理图像定量分析方法和应注意的问题

大量研究资料表明,病理图像定量分析对于验证临床病理学诊断的正确性常具有不容忽视的重要意义.然而病理图像分析的方法是一个精细而又复杂的过程,测量方法的科学性及缜密性对测量结果往往有直接的影响.在此,我们对图像分析过程中的光源,测定背景光强度、定标,图像分割及图像测量等应注意的问题做一浅析.